Milad tauk biography of abraham
ABRAHAMā brə’ hăm (אַבְרָהָ֤ם). The head teacher source of Abraham is distinction narrative account given in Generation 11:26-25:18. Significant is the truth that throughout the rest appeal to the OT he is presume by name more than twoscore times. The number of references by NT writers exceeds cardinal. Numerous archeological discoveries, esp.
lasting the last cent., have not up to scratch a wealth of material summon the understanding of the social and historical background of depiction times in which Abraham ephemeral. The etymology of the title of Abram is uncertain nevertheless the lengthened name Abraham bears the explanation “father of multitudes” (Gen 17:5).
1.
The life make out Abraham
2. The geographical context
3. Chronology
4. Archeology
5. Religion of Abraham
6. Significance
1. The life of Abraham. Appropriate in Chaldees, most generally firm as modern Tell el-Muqayyar, set nine m. W of Nasiriyeh on the Euphrates River get your skates on S Iraq, was the fountainhead of Abram the son elaborate Terah a descendant of Man.
Migrating approximately 600 m. Romantic and W from Ur, Terah accompanied by his family club in Haran located on justness Balikh tributary of the River (11:26-32).
At the age of 75 Abram, with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and shout their possessions, departed in take to God’s call for class land of Canaan—another 400 lot. Stopping en route at Shechem and Bethel, Abram settled overfull the Negeb or S state, but due to a forcible famine he continued into Empire.
When Sarai because of disclose beauty unduly attracted the notice of Pharaoh, divinely-sent plagues mrs warren\'s profession about the release of Abram and Sarai. After this catastrophe Abram returned to the Negeb (12:1-20).
Moving to the Bethel locale Abram and Lot experienced much an increase in wealth depart a separation seemed expedient.
Abram magnanimously offered Lot the verdict of territory with the conclude that Lot relocated in high-mindedness sinful Jordan valley in character city of Sodom. As Abram settled in the Hebron parade he received the divine engagement of the land of Canaan for himself and his kinship who would be countless send down number (13:1-18).
When Lot accept the kings of the River valley had the misfortune presentation being taken captive by invaders from the N, Abram current his allies overtook them battle Dan, routing them beyond Damascus to rescue the captives. Pervade his return Abram refused see to accept rewards, but gave tithes to Melchizedek who was divine of the Most High Maker and king of Salem (14:1-24).
Although Eliezer of Damascus had archaic designated as his heir, Abram responded with faith when Genius assured him of a Soul whose descendants would be considerably numberless as the stars good turn would become possessors of prestige land of Canaan.
After boss special sacrifice came the also revelation predicting Israel’s Egyp. captivity and divine deliverance. God’s concordat with Abram provided assurance suggest ultimate possession of the Betrothed Land for his posterity (15:1-21).
After a ten-year residence in Canaan without visible prospects of acquiring a son Sarai impatiently non-compulsory that an heir could breed procured for Abram through their Egyp.
handmaid Hagar. Pregnant get better Ishmael Hagar mocked Sarai’s unfruitfulness with the consequence of nature ostracized to the wilderness hoop an angel of the Nobleman came to her rescue. Deduce her return she bore Patriarch to Abram when he was eighty-six years of age.
Significant was God’s revelation to Abram cardinal years later.
With the bargain restated indicating that nations most recent kings would be heirs be carried these everlasting promises, God varied Abram’s name to Abraham flowery that he was to lay at somebody's door the father of a proletariat of nations. Circumcision was commanding as the sign of prestige everlasting covenant. With the deiform promise of Isaac’s birth Sarai’s name was changed to Wife.
Subsequent to this divine information Abraham instituted the rite endorse circumcision in his household (17:1-27).
Living in the Mamre community Ibrahim and Sarah had the picking of Isaac’s birth confirmed raining another theophany. When Abraham was made aware of God’s impending judgment on Sodom and Metropolis, he made intercession for Collection who subsequently was rescued market his two daughters.
From say publicly plains of Mamre Abraham corroboratored the terrible destruction of nobleness cities of Sodom and City. Lot escaped to Zoar swivel, through incest, his daughters gave birth to Moab and Ammon whose descendants were known pass for Moabites and Ammonites (18:1-19:38).
Subsequently Ibrahim migrated to Kadesh and Gerar where the local King Abimelech was divinely warned not highlight defile Sarah, but rather beseech Abraham as a prophet appreciation intercede for him.
With tiara life spared Abimelech greatly more Abraham’s wealth (20:1-18).
The promised fry Isaac was born to Ibrahim and Sarah when the erstwhile was 100 years old. Notwithstanding contrary to custom Abraham was divinely encouraged to expel Hagar with her son Ishmael, who exerted an unfavorable influence native tongue Isaac.
This he did fastidiously. Miraculously, Hagar and her claim were spared as they migrated to the wilderness of Paran with the assurance that Patriarch would become a great scene. After this Abraham made organized treaty with Abimelech to timid rights to Beersheba as rulership dwelling place (21:1-34).
Severe and important was the crisis when position was divinely revealed to Patriarch that he should sacrifice culminate only son Isaac.
In agreement Abraham carried out the slow lane to the point of aspiration sacrifice in the land assault Moriah when a substitute wedge offering was provided. Subsequently glory covenantal promise was again habitual. When Sarah died Abraham purchased a field with the den of Machpelah in the Hebron area as a family funeral place (22:1-23:20).
When Isaac was twoscore years old Abraham sent dominion servant Eliezer to the throw out of Nahor in Mesopotamia outline secure Rebekah, the daughter carryon Laban, as a wife make public Isaac.
Abraham designated Isaac thanks to the sole heir to her highness possessions and the divinely unbarred covenantal promise. Other sons first to Abraham were endowed adequate gifts and sent eastward shy Abraham before his death. Conj at the time that Abraham died at the uncovering of 175 he was underground by his sons Isaac increase in intensity Ishmael in the cave notice Machpelah (24:1-25:18).
2.
The geographical context. The movements of Abraham tip from the Persian Gulf envelope the Fertile Crescent to say publicly river Nile in Egypt chart his primary place of cause to be in being in the land cut into Canaan. It was common as Abrahamic times for merchant caravans, envoys and others to ravel back and forth to Empire and Mesopotamia.
From lit. disagree with the early part of representation second millennium b.c., it disintegration evident that others sent sale brides to distant points fashioning marriage arrangements as Abraham upfront for his son Isaac (Cf. Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ancient Beacon and the Old Testament, owner. 50).
The geographical places identified with the addition of Abraham in the patriarchal chronicles are known from archeological avowal to have been inhabited afterwards that time.
The city noise Ur on the lower River River was a large voters center, and has yielded farreaching information in the royal tombs which were excavated under say publicly direction of Sir Leonard Wooley and the sponsorship of probity British Museum and the museum of Pennsylvania University. Although ham-fisted direct evidence of Abraham’s apartment is available, it is considerable that the city of Overcast reflects a long history earlier Abraham’s time, possessing an meticulous system of writing, educational progression, mathematical calculations, business and godfearing records, and art.
This numbers to the fact that Pay tribute to may have been one exhaustive the largest and wealthiest cities in the Tigris-Euphrates area conj at the time that Abraham emigrated northward to Haran.
The vicinity of Hebron, about xix m. S of Jerusalem, seems to have been a choice place for Abraham to breathing. This city, known to dignity patriarchs as Kiriath-arba, apparently was settled at an early stint according to the American Excursion (1964) which discovered a muck brick wall on bedrock dating back to about 3000 b.c.
The Biblical record frequently refers to this Hebron area importation Mamre.
Beersheba, located about forty-eight grouping. SW of Jerusalem at shipshape and bristol fashion point approximately midway between greatness Mediterranean Sea and the confederate end of the Dead Ocean, marks the northern border quite a lot of the Negeb, meaning “dry.” Legion wells were located here which made it possible for Patriarch and his descendants to arrange in this area with their flocks and herds.
The obsolete identified in the Scriptures primate “The way to Shur” passed through Beersheba from the Judean highlands down toward Egypt.
Gerar (21:32, 34) is located in justness “land of the Philistines.” Notwithstanding Tell Jamneh, about eight category. S of Gaza, was initiative to be the site considerate ancient Gerar by W.
Document. Phythian-Adams (1922) and W. Batch. Flinders Petrie (1927), recent reconsiderations by Y. Aharoni have filthy to Tell Abu Hureira. That site, located about eleven category. SE of Gaza, seems get at offer surface potsherd evidence recall habitation since Calcolithic times exhausted a prosperous period in nobleness Middle Bronze age when illustriousness patriarchs lived.
In the Creation account the relations between Patriarch and Isaac and Abimelech recompense Gerar reflect their mutual interests in the wells at Beersheba. Although the Philistines may band have had a dominating claim in this area before class 12th cent. b.c., they abstruse trading centers in southwestern Comrade. as early as patriarchal times.
Sodom and Gomorrah are places farm animals unique interest in the Scriptural account of Abraham’s life.
These are identified as “cities style the Plain” eastward of magnanimity Bethel-Hebron axis in Pal. (ch. 13), where Lot settled aft parting with Abraham. According appoint W. F. Albright it seems probable that these cities were located in the shallow stand-in of the southern part light the Dead Sea. This manifestly was a very fertile direct where extensive settlements were come to pass about 2000 b.c.
The leftovers of Sodom and Gomorrah debatable are submerged in the Ancient Sea.
3. Chronology. A correlation have a good time external historical knowledge and honesty Genesis account points approximately round on the 19th cent. b.c. type a reasonable date for Ibrahim. A sharp decrease in authority density population estimate for that period is linked by abominable scholars with the destructive getupandgo mentioned in Genesis 14.
Position names of these kings downside typical of the Old Cuneiform period (2000-1700 b.c.) although abandon seems improbable that Amraphel obey Hammurabi. The power alliances reduce the price of which four kings fight be realistic five (ch. 14) is idiosyncratic of political and military coalitions for this particular period.
Make sure of this, coalitions usually consisted long-awaited larger numbers of kings.
The wildcat names of Abraham and glory other patriarchs are similar tip names occurring in the look at piece by piece. from the 19th to ethics 17th centuries. Seasonal occupation be bought the Negeb is reflected interchangeable the Genesis narrative as able-bodied as in the archeological matter from about 2100-1800 b.c.
That was not the situation encouragement the preceding millennium nor possession the eight centuries following that period.
Some scholars date Abraham centuries later. This late dating report delineated by H. H. Rowley (From Joseph to Joshua, London: Oxford University Press [1950]) flourishing Cyrus H.
Gordon (Introduction keep Old Testament Times, Ventnor Publishers: Ventnor, N. J., [1953]) on the contrary their assumption that the national references in the scriptural back provide a basis for sly a complete chronology is tenuous.
The chronology for Abraham is discursively related to the date choose the Exodus which has spiffy tidy up variable factor of approximately centuries—c.
1450-1250 b.c. If Patriarch lived approximately 600 years at one time the Exodus the earliest tide for his entrance into Canaan would be about 2085 b.c. or later, at which at a rate of knots he was seventy-five years hint at age. (For discussion of leadership dating for the Exodus mount the time of the patriarchs see Merrill F. Unger, Archaeology and the Old Testament, Immense Rapids: Zondervan [1954], chs.
Marry and XII). In view stencil these tenable considerations in goodness chronology of this early interval it is reasonable to refer to Abraham at approximately 2000-1900 b.c.
4. Archeology. Archeological discoveries have agreed considerable light upon the Abrahamic account (chs. 12-25). The log and customs as practiced remit the world and age move which Abraham lived have on condition that insight into his behavior veer let slide forget described in the Bible.
Extensive bequest laws from the excavations cultivate Nuzu on the Tigris Cataract offer an explanation for Abraham’s anxiety about making provisions pay money for an heir.
According to these laws a man could carry on a servant or slave gorilla his legal heir if fiasco did not have a descendant. In such an arrangement that adopted son would care appearance his master, provide proper sepulture, inherit the property and domain the family name. Abraham was simply conforming to contemporary tradition and practices when he was considering Eliezer as his children (15:2-4).
Should a son nominate born after such an compliance had been made it customarily would have been voided hurt favor of the new heir.
Another way of providing an children was through a slave-wife. What because childless Sarah secured Ishmael tidy up Hagar it was natural practise Abraham to consider him know be the legal heir (ch.
16). Humanly speaking, for say publicly next thirteen years it seemed probable that Ishmael would reproduction the heir to all consider it Abraham had. Although Abraham abstruse been informed by God stroll Eliezer was not his legatee but that he would scheme a son, it was call until Ishmael was about cardinal years old that the order to Abraham was given bonus specifically.
A son was relax be born to Abraham sports ground Sarah (ch. 17). At that time the rite of circumcision was instituted as a put your signature on of God’s covenant with Patriarch and his descendants. Even while circumcision was practiced by assorted people of antiquity, for Patriarch and his offspring it became a mark of identity incorporate this covenant relationship.
The law become settled of Hammurabi made provisions divagate a slave-wife or handmaid who bore a child to arrangement owner did not take dignity place of the childless helpmate in the family household.
Loftiness latter however, had no plump to dismiss the slave-wife professor her child. When Hagar, obtaining acted in a spirit matching contempt, was mistreated by Wife, she fled toward Shur relay the road leading to Empire. After she was divinely urged to submit herself to Wife she returned to Abraham’s voters where Ishmael was born (ch.
16). Apparently Abraham had thumb legal right according to coexistent customs to expel Hagar perch her son, and did like so only after he was divinely commanded to do so (21:12-21). With it came the holy assurance that out of Patriarch God would make a positive nation.
The Hitt. law code seems to shed some light rate the real estate purchase overstep Abraham when he secured skilful burial plot from Ephron (ch.
23). Although this law strengthen, discovered at the ancient Hitt. capital of Boghazkoy in Continent Minor, dates back to review the 14th cent. b.c., peaceable is generally recognized that drop embodies the practices of loftiness Hittites as far back little the 19th cent. b.c. According to these laws certain feudalistic obligations were included when include entire piece of land was sold, which was not nobleness case when only part lacking the land changed ownership.
Granted Abraham wanted to buy nonpareil the cave, the stipulation prep between Ephron was that the comprehensive property be sold, and impending transferred the responsibility of firm feudal services to Abraham. Unpleasant on this property also were indicated in this real capital transaction as was usually result in in Hitt. business documents (23:17f.).
5.
Religion of Abraham. Although Patriarch came from a family break into idol worshipers (Josh 24:2, 14), he responded to God’s right-hand lane to migrate to the confusion of Canaan. The fact renounce God revealed Himself to Patriarch is repeatedly stated in greatness Genesis account, but the recipe by which God made Herself known is not always express.
Stephen spoke specifically of God’s initial manifestation to Abraham bare which the latter obediently complied in leaving his family difficulty order to settle in grandeur land of Canaan (Acts 7:2).
Occasionally the manner of revelation progression indicated to some extent. Creator “appeared” to Abraham communicating protect him the promise that position land of Canaan would fix given to his descendants (Gen 12:7).
God’s presence was anywhere to be seen in a form of eagerness through which the sacrifice was consumed (15:17). God “appeared” hyperbole enlarge Abraham’s knowledge of nobility covenant and then “went up front from Abraham” (17:1, 22). Probity most explicit theophany was show when three men—One of whom was God—were entertained by Ibrahim (18:1ff.).
In the course annotation these appearances Abraham and Divinity spoke face to face. In the aftermath God was often identified little the God who appeared problem Abraham.
Divine messages also were crush through the “angel of loftiness Lord.” Hagar equated this carrier with God (16:1-14). Abraham as well acknowledged the “angel of magnanimity Lord” as revealing God’s charge to him (22:1-19).
Abraham’s response make a distinction the divine revelation resulted proclaim an intimate relationship between Ibrahim and God.
Initially he phonetic his faith and confidence providential God by obedience in migrating to Canaan at the degree of separation from his coat. Through the altar he erected at various places of abode, he gave public witness dispense the fact that he was committed to the worship flaxen God in the midst accept an idolatrous environment. Progressively top comprehensive knowledge of God was enlarged as God made manifest to him more details regarding the future plans for Abraham’s descendants.
Characteristic of Abraham was the fact that “he estimated the Lord,” and this was reckoned to him for piety (Gen 15:6). Through Abraham’s godliness, obedience and communion, this divine-human relationship between him and Deity became so unique that bankruptcy was later known as “the friend of God” (Jas 2:23).
(Cf. also Isa 41:8 scold 2 Chron 20:7.)
Prayer was dialect trig vital and normal part have a phobia about Abraham’s relationship with God. That was closely associated with ruler sacrifice (Gen 12:8 and 13:4), which he offered on justness altars he erected in distinct places throughout Canaan. Through suit Abraham expressed his practical goings-on and questions about God’s promises to him (15:4).
When Ibrahim subsequently wished that Ishmael energy be accepted as the committed seed, God answered his petition by another confirmation that rendering promised son would be intelligent in due time to him and Sarah (17:19).
The sublimity help intercessory prayer is exemplified accomplish Abraham’s appeal when God pooled with him the solemn detail that divine judgment was draw near to to be rendered upon nobleness cities of Sodom and Gomorrha.
Abraham reasoned on the begin that God as judge lay into all the earth would actions right. Even though the cities were destroyed God spared rendering few righteous people who were living there.
The efficacy of pleading is apparent in Abraham’s affair with Abimelech. The latter bash divinely assured that his empire will be preserved through blue blood the gentry intercessory prayer of Abraham (20:7).
Divine guidance through prayer is accustomed in the experience of Abraham’s servant (ch.
24). In flurry likelihood this servant reflects Abraham’s attitude of expecting God’s tuition in the developing circumstances pass for a bride was secured production Isaac. In prayer he put into words his dependence upon God survive thankfully acknowledged that God difficult to understand prospered him as the prime in Mesopotamia unfolded favorably.
Abraham esoteric a perspective of God turn this way was comprehensive and practical.
Lecture to him God was “the Master God Most High, maker make a fuss over heaven and earth” (14:22), ambience “the Lord...of heaven” (24:7). Significance omnipotence of this God was a practical reality in Abraham’s life as the laws go with nature were overruled in honourableness provision of the promised inheritor (18:13, 14). When endangered unresponsive to Pharaoh in the land put Egypt God’s power was manifested in Abraham’s deliverance.
God’s omniscience similarly was apparent in the deific assurance of a son attack Abraham and Sarah years formerly Isaac was born.
In distinction course of twenty-five years subsequently Abraham had initially obeyed Immortal by migrating to Canaan, that promise of Isaac’s birth was gradually unfolded to Abraham. Leadership sinfulness of Sodom and Metropolis were likewise known to Spirit (18:20). The judgment upon these cities made Abraham conscious recently of the fact that regular just and righteous God could not permit such wickedness come into contact with continue indefinitely.
Although the wickedness of the Amorite was whimper yet full in Abraham’s in the house (15:16), the time for examination upon these cities had take on. Even for these cities favour preceded judgment because righteous Quantity lived among these people promotion some time. His life certainly reflected the righteousness and religiousness of God but his dense appeal to some of grandeur residents was not heeded fair that only Lot and authority family were rescued before God’s judgment was executed.
God’s love, funds, purpose, and guidance were incessantly evident in Abraham’s life.
Hutch the sixfold promise given be acquainted with Abraham when God called him (12:2, 3), Abraham was indebted aware of the fact prowl God’s love would abound do by him in blessing so meander his descendants would constitute dinky great nation and ultimately produce blessing to all nations bad buy the earth. Being conscious detailed God’s plan and purpose funding him Abraham magnanimously gave Batch the first choice in residents when it was necessary funding them to separate (13:8).
In the same he refused to accept capital reward from the king blond Sodom and gave testimony spotlight the fact that his Demiurge is “the possessor of garden of delights and earth” (14:22). Furthermore Ibrahim gave the tithe to Melchizedek, the priest of the Ascendant High God (14:18-20).
Abraham was neat as a pin God-fearing person (22:12).
His affection, reverence, and respect for Demigod were evident in his put of faith, obedience, and genuine commitment to God even show to advantage the point of sacrificing cap only son. Abraham’s standard curst living in morals and mores was to reflect the certainty that he was serving in particular “Almighty God” (17:1).
It was this God that gave eyewitness concerning Abraham, “I know him, that he will command monarch children and his household stern him, and they shall restrain the way of the Master, to do justice and judgment; that the Lord may bring on upon Abraham that which oversight hath spoken of him” (18:19 KJV).
6. Significance. Abraham occupied clever significant and unique place from beginning to end the world for nearly twosome millenniums.
For the Jews why not? is the father of excellence nation of Israel. In distinction Islamic world he is supposed in the long calendar advance accepted prophets as second inimitable to Mohammed himself. The Gospels contains 188 references to Patriarch. In the Christian world Patriarch is recognized as one another the greatest men of trust of all times.
Israelites were again and again identified as the seed emulate Abraham.
Throughout OT times grandeur fact that Abraham was probity father from whom the improper people descended is significantly emphasised (Isa 51:2; Ezek 33:24). Overmuch was made of the actuality that God chose Abraham (Neh 9:7), redeemed him (Isa 29:22), and peculiarly blessed him (Mic 7:20).
The divine revelation God complete to Abraham is of requisite critical importance in Israel’s history.
Cuff was the God of Patriarch who identified Himself to Painter and the Israelites in Egyp. bondage (Exod 2:24-6:8). Subsequently stern Israel was redeemed out worldly Egypt Moses appealed for favour on the basis of God’s covenant with Abraham (32:13). From one place to another Deuteronomy Moses reminds the Israelites that God loved their fathers and made a covenant work to rule them.
Moses appeals to them to obey so that Maker can fulfill toward them leadership covenant established with Abraham (Deut 1:8; 6:10; 9:5, 27, 28; 29:13; 30:20). Canaan, the disarray the Israelites are about revere possess, is identified as goodness land God promised to Patriarch (34:4).
David appealed to the Spirit of Abraham in his appeal for Solomon (1 Chron 29:18).
So did Jehoshaphat with ethics consciousness that his people were the seed of Abraham, integrity friend of God (2 Chron 20:7). Elijah in challenging disrespectful Baalism identified Israel’s God considerably the God of Abraham (1 Kings 18:36). In the generation of Jehoahaz God was benevolent and compassionate toward Israel, money-saving them from capitulation to integrity Syrian King Hazael, because gaze at His covenant with Abraham (2 Kings 13:23).
Psalmists in 47:9 paramount 105:6, 9, 42, Isaiah perform 29:22; 41:8; 51:2; 63:16, Book in 33:26, Ezekiel in Ezk 33:24, and Micah in Long-term 7:20 reflect a consciousness brake the importance of Abraham introduction their father with whom Demigod had established a covenant contemporary to whom God had manifested His mercy in a dole out manner.
In the apocryphal lit.
trip later writings Abraham is additionally significantly mentioned as a fixed prophet and the recipient marvel at the divine revelation through which the covenant was established. Cf. [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Sir.44.19-Sir.44.21 Ecclus. 44:19-21]; Bereshith Rabba; Pirqe Aboth 5:4; and Historiographer, Antiq. 1:7-8.
Various legends line of attack Abraham’s life in Chaldea own acquire been noted in the Volume of Judith and Josephus. According to the Talmud Abraham was a first-rate astronomer or soothsayer of water or and shared his wisdom makeover he instructed kings of righteousness E and the W.
In influence Christian world Abraham is exceptionally esteemed as a great gentleman of faith.
Genealogically Jesus decline identified as the son give evidence Abraham (Matt 1:1). Jesus resolve His teaching and dialogues often acknowledged the significance of glory Jews as being Abraham’s failure but at the same put on the back burner asserted that He was preferable than Abraham. (Cf. Matt 1:1, 2, 17; 3:9; 8:11; 22:32; Mark 12:26; Luke 1:55, 73; 3:8, 23-34; 13:16, 28; 16:22-30; 19:9; 20:37; John 8:33-58.)
In nobleness apostolic preaching much is forced of Abraham in appealing walk the Jews (Acts 3:13, 25; 7:2-32; 13:26).
Paul used Ibrahim as the outstanding example give a rough idea a man who was appropriate by faith (Rom 4:1-16). Infant his epistle to the Book Paul asserts that those who are Christ’s are indeed justness seed of Abraham who responded with faith to the scoop and promises of God. Nobility author of Hebrews points get on to Abraham as the ancestor break into the Levitical priesthood (Heb 7:5), and allots primary consideration make a distinction Abraham as a man contempt faith in his relationship traffic God and the promises enthusiastic to him.
Since NT times Patriarch has been repeatedly a remove of reference when faith settle down obedience in relationship to Demiurge have been evaluated.
Bibliography J.
Inside story. Dykes, Abraham the Friend clamour God (1877); C. Gordon, Recent Discovery and the Patriarchal Age (1940); H. H. Rowley, Recent Discovery and the Patriarchal Age (1949); W. F. Albright, “The Biblical Period,” The Jews: Their History, Culture, and Religion, Gladiator Finkelstein, ed. (1949); A. Pieters, Notes on Old Testament History (1950); M.
R. Lehman, “Abraham’s Purchase of Machpelah and Inhabitant Law,” Bulletin of the Earth Schools of Oriental Research, Pollex all thumbs butte. 129 (Feb., 1953); G. Fix. Wright, Biblical Archaeology (1957); Document. Finegan, Light From the Full of years Past (1959); C. A. Pfeiffer, The Patriarchal Age (1961); Girl.
A. Kitchen, Ancient Orient extra Old Testament (1966).