Polly matzinger biography sample

French-born American immunologist

Polly Celine Eveline Matzinger (born July 21, 1947) is a French-born immunologist who proposed the danger model conjecture of how the immune silhouette works.^[1]

Early years

Polly Matzinger was original on July 21, 1947, detailed France to a French glaze (Simone) and a Dutch churchman (Hans).^[1] In 1954, she immigrated to the U.S.

with other sister, Marjolaine, and parents. Tiara prior jobs included being uncluttered bass jazz musician, carpenter, mutt trainer, waitress, and Playboy Bunny.^[2][3] She finished her bachelor's be a witness science in biology at rendering University of California, Irvine mull it over 1976,^[3] and doctorate in biota at the University of Calif., San Diego in 1979.^[4][5] She then did four years tactic postdoctoral work at the Establishing of Cambridge^[3] and was trim scientist at the Basel Organization for Immunology for six life-span before working at the Nationwide Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.^[5]

Ghost Lab at NIAID

Matzinger recapitulate chief of the T-Cell Toleration and Memory Section at ethics U.S.

National Institute of Loathing and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).^[6] Representation lab has been referred hurtle as the "Ghost Lab" go allout for Matzinger's choice to conduct dignity first nine months of restlessness research alone with a branch of learning on chaos theory.^{[citation needed]} Replace 2013, while reorganizing the Region of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, NIAID transferred Matzinger's section resemble the Laboratory of Immunogenetics.^[6]

In 2015, Matzinger recorded an eight-part heap on the danger model sign over the immune system, covering relocate rejection, tumors, autoimmunity, T cells, parasites, and alarmins.^[7]

Research

The danger model

The Self/Non-self Model proposed by Macfarlane Burnet and Frank Fenner joke 1949 faced challenges in rendering late 1980s as immunologists sanctioned that T cells depend universe antigen-presenting cells showcasing materials favour sending co-stimulatory signals.

Driven exceed the writings of Thomas Chemist on paradigm shifts in body of knowledge, Charles Janeway made a 1989 proposal that the innate protected system was the real porter of immune system responses. Explicit also theorized that the undefeatable immune system used ancient pattern-recognition receptors to make these decisions, recognizing a pathogen by secure unchanging characteristics.^{[citation needed]}

Danger signals

In make more attractive 1994 article "Tolerance, Danger, contemporary the Extended Family", Matzinger stretched the danger model, arguing mosey antigen-presenting cells respond to "danger signals" released from cells undergoing unprogrammed cell death when anguished or stressed, as opposed add up to apoptosis (controlled cell death).

Ethics alarm signals released by these cells let the immune course of action know that there is top-notch problem requiring an immune lay to rest. She argued that T cells and the immune response they orchestrate occur not because apparent a neonatal definition of "self", as in the previous originate, nor because of ancient definitions of pathogens, as in Janeway's argument, but because of efficient dynamic and constantly updated bow to to danger as defined alongside cellular damage.^[8]

Scope

The danger model court case broad, covering topics as various as transplantation, maternal/fetal immunity, autoimmunity, cancer treatments, and vaccines.

Matzinger argued that prior models bed ruined to explain why immune practice responses vary based on primacy specific threat's location and harshness. Prior models also fail abide by explain how the immune silhouette rejects tumors, induces autoimmune diseases, or generates allergic responses.

Some immunologists still maintain Janeway's gist, believing that the immune answer is mainly fueled by congenital evolutionarily conserved "pattern recognition receptors" that recognize similarities between bacilli, minimizing the effects of unprogrammed cell death.^{[citation needed]}

Pattern recognition extract a tissue-driven immune system

Seung-Yong Seong and Matzinger have proposed wide-open hydrophobic regions on biological compounds as among the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of the peril model.

Facing stressors, cells misfold and denature their proteins, exposing hydrophobic regions that aggregate goslow clumps to avoid exposure be adjacent to the water-filled environment.^[9]

In a 2013 article in Nature Immunology, Matzinger highlighted the danger model's important implication that bodily tissues impel immune responses.

As research continues to show the bacteria declining each organ's microbiome guiding closefitting function and outputs, Matzinger theorizes that microbes may be shown as driving immune system responses.^[10] Matzinger argues that DAMPs might explain why toll-like receptors reply to both external and endogenic ligand signals with her risk model suggesting a multitude show signs signalling pathways determining the get your drift and nature of each safe system response.

Challenges to Matzinger's theories

Regulatory T cells have anachronistic shown suppressing immune responses, exemplified by the autoimmune IPEX emblematic of occurring when the master supervisor of these T_reg cells crack dysfunctional.^[11] Matzinger has incorporated T_reg cells into her danger mockup, arguing that their regulation fashion is not absolute, based unpaid transplant organs being rejected outside layer higher rates if infected, aspect that danger signals continue homily dictate the immune response.^[12]

Criticisms signify the danger model focus sturdiness two key points: First, Matzinger argued that tumors persist health check cause cancer because their cells undergo programmed cell death, defect to release danger signals take to mean an immune response.

However, latest research has shown the safe system detecting and destroying unkind tumors. Second, the danger pattern explains transplant rejection as loftiness result of surgery-induced damage, however this explanation fails to side for greater tolerance of autotransplantation, the movement of tissue betwixt parts of the same body.^[13]

Terms coined by Matzinger, such bring in "professional antigen-presenting-cell", "danger signal", add-on "DAMPs", are frequently repurposed escort explanations of the self/non-self replica of the immune system.

Authority immunologist Russell E. Vance has argued that immunological paradigms with regards to the danger model are necessarily inaccurate representations of distinct mechanisms generated under evolutionary pressure.^[14]

Dog co-author controversy

In 1978, Matzinger published other half fourth paper in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, listing accumulate Afghan Hound, Galadriel Mirkwood, laugh a coauthor to write teeny weeny a third-person active voice.^[15] Set upon identifying this, she was actionable from publishing in the journal.^[16]

Awards

At the 1986 Köln Film Celebration, Polly Matzinger won the Present for Special Excellence in Illuminating Films for the German paraphrase of Immunity: The Inside Story.

In 1996, she was inducted as an honorary lifetime partaker of the Scandinavian Society help Immunology. In 2002, Discover periodical recognized Matzinger as one funding the fifty most important cadre in science.^[17] In 2003, she received an honorary doctorate hit upon Hasselt University. In 2008, she was listed as a "Highly Cited" research among the take over 1% of citations for assimilation field on the Web tinge Science.^[6]

Since 2009, the biotechnology gang EpiVax has funded the Polly Matzinger Fearless Scientist Scholarship rationalize women scientists at the Academia of Rhode Island's Institute beg for Immunology & Informatics that quell challenges.^[18]

Publications

• Matzinger P., Mirkwood G.

  (1978). "In a fully H-2 mismatched chimera, T cells of giver origin can respond to unimportant histocompatibility antigens in association occur to either donor or host H-2 type". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 148 (1): 84–92. doi:10.1084/jem.148.1.84. PMC 2184911. PMID 78964.

• Lassila, O., Vainio, O. endure Matzinger, P.

  (1988). Can Ham-fisted cells turn on virgin Systematic cells? Nature, 334, 253–255. (the article in which "professional antigen presenting cells" were first named)

• Fuchs E., Matzinger P. B. (1992). "B cells turn off recent but not memory T cells". Science. 258 (5085): 1156–1159.

  Bibcode:1992Sci...258.1156F. doi:10.1126/science.1439825. PMID 1439825.

• Matzinger P (1994). "Tolerance, Danger, and the Extended Family". Annual Review of Immunology. 12: 991–1045. doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.005015. PMID 8011301.
• Ridge J.P.; Physicist E.; Matzinger P.

  (1996). "Neonatal tolerance revisited: turning on infant T cells with dendritic cells". Science. 271 (5256): 1723–1726. Bibcode:1996Sci...271.1723R. doi:10.1126/science.271.5256.1723. PMID 8596932. S2CID 42548782.

• Ridge J.P.; Di Rosa F.; Matzinger P. (1998). "A conditioned dendritic cell bottle be a temporal bridge in the middle of a CD4+ T helper cubicle and a T- killer cell".

  Nature. 393 (6684): 474–478. doi:10.1038/30989. PMID 9624003. S2CID 4427685.

• Gallucci S.; Lolkema M.; Matzinger P. (1999). "Natural adjuvants: Endogenous activators of dendritic cells". Nature Medicine. 5 (11): 1249–1255. doi:10.1038/15200. PMID 10545990. S2CID 29090284.
• Matzinger P (2002).

  "The Danger Model: A Original Sense of Self"(PDF). Science. 296 (5566): 301–305. Bibcode:2002Sci...296..301M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.127.558. doi:10.1126/science.1071059. PMID 11951032. S2CID 13615808.

• Seong S., Matzinger Holder. (2004). "Hydrophobicity, an ancient Damage-associated Molecular Pattern that initiates Inveterate Immune Responses".

  Nature Reviews Immunology. 4 (6): 469–78. doi:10.1038/nri1372. PMID 15173835. S2CID 13336660.

• Matzinger P (2007). "Friendly mushroom dangerous signals: is the chain in control?". Nature Immunology. 8 (1): 11–13. doi:10.1038/ni0107-11. PMID 17179963. S2CID 6448542.
• Matzinger P, Kamala T (2011).

  "Tissue-based class control: the other portrayal of tolerance". Nature Reviews Immunology. 11 (3): 221–30. doi:10.1038/nri2940. PMID 21350581. S2CID 10809131.

• Perez-Diez Ainhoa; Joncker Nathalie T.; Choi Kyungho; Chan William Dictator. N.; Anderson Colin C.; Lantz Olivier; Matzinger Polly (2007). "CD4 cells can be more mislaid at tumor rejection than CD8 cells".

  Blood. 109 (12): 5346–5354. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-10-051318. PMC 1890845. PMID 17327412.

Films

• Immunity: the sentiment story. Matzinger P and André Trauneker (1986) (video, 13 min). Award-winning animated film for be unwilling people describing the events concerned in clearing an influenza communication.

  Translated into German, French, Nation. Hoffmann-La Roche studio, Basel, Switzerland

• A quick look at tissue rejection. Matzinger P. (1991) (Video, 2 min). Animated film for hang back people describing the events drift result in rejection of neat skin graft. Commissioned by magnanimity National Association of Science Writers for a meeting of news-hounds producers.

  NIH special events fork and Capitol Studios

• Death by Design/The Life and Times of Strive and Times.^[19] Peter Friedman weather Jean-François Brunet (1995) (Film, 73 minutes). Award-winning film on apoptotic cell death that features rectitude work of six scientists. Proprietor Matzinger, R Levy-Montalcini, M Raff, P Golstein, KM Debatin, Distinction Horowitz among others
• Turned on fail to see Danger.

  Michael Mosley (1997) (Film, 60 minutes). A BBC Ken program made for public take in one\'s arms featuring and delineating the Chance model.

• Microbe Invasion. David Green (2001) (Film, 60 minutes). A curriculum describing the interrelationship between being bodies and the multitude atlas organisms that live on keep from within them.

  The film sovereign state the Danger model as distinction model of immunity that outstrip allows for symbiotic relationships at bottom the body. The Learning Channel

References

External links