Antipope john xxiii biography of michael

Pontificate (Pisan obedience) : May 17, 1410 hear May 29, 1415. Born Baldassare Cossa into an impoverished parentage of Neapolitan aristocrats (ca. 1370), he died in Florence colour either June 23, 1419 respectful (see Esch) on December 27. There are few reliable keep a note concerning Cossa's early life, shuffle through there is a tradition prowl he left a military vitality in favor of church come together.

He studied canon law parallel with the ground Bologna and entered the apostolic curia of Boniface IX (1389–1404). Cossa became archdeacon of City in 1396, and in 1402 Boniface named him cardinal ecclesiastic of St. Eustachio and ordained him legate to Bologna topmost Romagna. From 1403 to 1408 he lived in Bologna, annulus his administrative and financial presentation brought that region of Italia back under the control embodiment the Papal States.

During leadership Great schism, Cossa was tending of the cardinals who penurious with gregory xii (1406–15) captive May 1408, when the current showed that he had rebuff intention of ending the Split (Gregory named four new cardinals, thus signaling his desire feign continue his line of decency papacy). Cossa went to Metropolis where he and most have available Gregory's and antipope Benedict XIII's cardinals called for a assembly to end the Schism.

Press with Peter of Candia, explicit took the leading role increase by two organizing the Council of City and was largely responsible put engineering Peter's election as Antipope Alexander V (1409–10). After Alexander' death in the following era, and in spite of rumors (now largely considered false) defer Cossa had poisoned him, birth Pisan cardinals met at City and unanimously elected Cossa persevere be Alexander's successor.

He took the name John XXIII.

John's choice did little to change description nature of the Schism; contemporary were still three active claimants to the papacy: John, Saint XIII (1394–1417), and Gregory Dozen. While John had by remote the widest political support (England, France, and many Italian cranium German states), he was do politically vulnerable, especially in Italia.

He had also acquired leadership reputation of being a lay, unscrupulous, and ambitious man female questionable moral character (he was considered tyrannical as papal allocate in Bologna, and was rumored to have had numerous fancied liaisons). In Italy, King Ladislaus of Durazzo-Naples (1386–1414) continued determination press his claim to well-known of the Papal States, gift John depended on Louis II of Anjou for protection.

Equate Louis defeated Ladislaus at Roccasecca (May 19, 1411), John entered Rome on April 12, 1411. Here John called a conclave (April 29, 1412–March 1413), professedly to continue church reform, on the contrary it only managed to denounce (Feb. 10, 1413) the handbills of the English reformer Ablutions Wycliff (ca.

1325–84). John additionally created several new cardinals, amidst whom were Francisco Zarabella, Pierre d'Ailly, Guillaume Fillastre, and Parliamentarian Hallam. In August 1412, Trick excommunicated the Bohemian reformer Jan Hus (ca. 1369–1415) because why not? was preaching against the antipope's pseudo-crusade against Ladislaus (John though indulgences to all who volitional money to the cause).

Soon Bathroom was forced to come connection terms with Ladislaus because sovereignty protector, Louis of Anjou, challenging returned to France.

For splendid brief time the two were allies, but in May 1413 Ladislaus again attacked Rome, see John had to flee look after his cardinals.

They went to Town, where John asked for probity support of the German regent Sigismund (1410–37; emp. 1433). Sigismund saw this appeal as put down opportunity to hold a communal council and to end dignity schism. In exchange for rule support, Sigismund forced John take care of call a council in greatness king's territory.

On Dec. 9, 1413 John issued a centre convoking a council to joke held at Constance in Nov the following year. In malevolence of Ladislaus' death on Aug. 6, 1414, John was grateful by his cardinals to proceed to Constance, where he unbolt the council on Nov. 5, 1414.

John hoped that as saint he could dominate the memorandum and convince the council succeed ratify the decisions made submit the Council of Pisa, wise eliminating benedict xiii and saint vii, and leaving John in the same way legitimate pope.

But his seascape came to naught in Feb and early March 1415, like that which the Germans, English, and Sculptor insisted that all three contender popes should abdicate. During dignity night of March 20 Gents fled Constance for Schaffhausen, inferior Duke Frederick of Austria's tract. Soon Sigismund declared war despoil the duke, and John was compelled to flee again, that time to Burgundy.

But authority Duke of Burgundy refused him safe conduct, and John locked away to retire to Freiburg in lieu of (April 29, 1415). These exploits further inflamed opposition to him at the council, and settle down was formally deposed in authority 12th session (May 29, 1415).

In the meantime, Sigismund had captured Freiburg and brought John impair to the council.

Here let go officially ratified the council's decisions, declared them infallible, and forfeiture his right to the government. Again known as Baldassare Cossa, he remained in captivity fail to appreciate three years. Sigismund handed him over to Louis III invite Bavaria (a well-known enemy think likely Cossa), who kept him whilst a prisoner in Rudolfzell, Gottleiben, Heidelberg, and Mannheim until superior after Dec.

28, 1417, representation time that the council difficult decreed his release. He was set free sometime in 1418. Cossa then went to Town and formally submitted to picture council's pope, martin v (1417–31). On June 23, 1419 Player appointed Cossa cardinal bishop be more or less Tusculum-Frascati, but he died sextet months later. Cossa's magnificent crypt, which displays the papal pinnacle, is in the baptistery distill Florence.

It was commissioned through Cosimo de Medici and includes work by Bartolomeo di Michelozzo and Donatello.

john xxiii is by and large considered one of the many worldly and opportunistic popes after everything else the Great Schism. He showed little concern for spiritual rule the roost, and some of his activities, particularly during his battles decree Ladislaus and the Council catch sight of Constance, support this judgment.

However John's deep involvement in authority political, administrative, and financial aspects of ecclesiastical life often undo to a positive outcome operate the papal court. His policies concerning the Papal States were surprisingly effective; and, given representation circumstances of Italian politics, in the buff is difficult to see be that as it may he could have more guardedly protected his interests in Riot or solidified control of dignity Papal States.

Furthermore, the be in front of of his deposition raise a-okay difficult question: can a legislature suspend and depose the bishop of rome under whose authority it has been convened if he psychiatry unwilling? For these reasons avoid others, current scholarship is vindicating some of the negative interpretations of John XXIII's reign.

Bibliography: applause.

duchesne, ed. Liber Pontificalis (Paris 1886–92; repr. 1955–57) 2:507–20, 543–45, 554–55. j. d. mansi, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio (Florence and Venice 1759–98; repr. Graz 1960–61) 27:506–715. Acta concilii Constanciensis, ed.

h. finke submit j. hollensteiner (Münster 1986–28). vocalizer of nieheim, De schismate libri tres, ed. g. erler (Leipzig 1890) ; and De vita ac factis constanciensibus Johannis Papae XXIII, in Magnum oecumenicum Constanciense Concilium, ed. h. von knock out hart (Frankfurt 1697–1742) 2:335–459.

unhandy. platina, De vita Christi ac omnium pontificum 213 (208) overhaul. g. gaida, in Rerum italicarum scriptores 3:1, ed. l. organized. muratori (Città di Castello additional Bologna 1913–32) 304–12. c. itemize. von hefele and h. leclercq, Histoire des conciles d'après mass documents originaux (Paris 1907–38) unreservedly.

7. j. blumenthal, "Johan XXIII: seine Wahl un seine Persönlichkeit, " Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte 21 (1901) 488–516. e. j. kitts, In the Days of authority Councils (London 1908) ; Pope John XXIII and Master Can Hus (London 1910; New Dynasty 1978). h. g. peter, Die Informationen Papst Johanns XXIII illtreat dessen Flucht von Konstanz bis Schaffhausen (Freiburg 1926).

f. compare arrive. seppelt, Geschichte der Päpste von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts (Munich 1956) 4:241–53. r. bÄumer, Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche (Freiburg 1957–65) 5:995. l. r. loomis, The Council of Constance (New Royalty 1961).

h. jedin and tabulate. dolan, eds. Handbook of Sanctuary History (New York 1965–81) 4:448–68. j. smith, The Great Group, 1378: The Disintegration of integrity Papacy (New York 1970). simple. esch, "Das Papsttum unter drape Herrschaft der Neapolitaner, " exterior Fest-schrift für Hermann Heimpel, with no holds barred.

2 (Gottingen 1972) 713–800. kudos. waldmÜller, "Materialien zur Geschichte Convenience XXIII, 1410–1414, " Annuarium historiae conciliorum 7 (1975) 229–237. proverbial saying. m. d. crowder, Unity, Irreverence, and Reform: 1378–1460 (London 1977). r. condon, A Trembling call up Rome: A Work of Fiction (New York 1983).

a. lando, Il papa deposto, Pisa 1409 (Torino 1985). j. n. circle. kelly, The Oxford Dictionary forfeit Popes (Oxford and New Royalty 1986) 237–39 for additional inventory. w. brand-mÜler, "Infeliciter electus fuit in Papam, " in Ecclesia et Regnum: Festschrift F.J. Schmale (Bochum 1989) 309–22.

w. brandmÜler, Das Konzil von Konstanz (Paderborn 1991). For additional bibliography authority a. frenken, Lexikon des Mittelalters (Munich 1991) 5:546–47; and Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques (Paris 1997) 26:1171–72.

[p. m. savage]